By SalM
on
September 3, 2020
in News
Summary
Sally Hussey provides an essential public engagement resource compiling 60 international public participation models dating back fifty years to Arnstein’s influential ‘Ladder of Citizen Participation’.
Last year, Sherry R. Arnstein’s “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” celebrated its 50th anniversary. Originally published in the Journal of American Planning Association (JAPA) and one of its most cited articles to date, the longevity and impact of Arnstein’s Ladder can be recognised in the emergence of 60 public participation models since its inception.
Yet, Arnstein’s vision from 50 years ago bridges decades in more ways than one. Not only through its dynamic iteration in the history of public engagement frameworks and practices. Indeed, it provides a foundation for many of the central concepts that shape public engagement research and practice today. For just as current public participation spectrums continue to engender the work of shifting power in public decision-making – central to Arnstein’s vision – they also open out onto theories, methods and ideas that exist between the spectra.
But the inception of Arnstein’s Ladder in 1969 coincided with a shift in focus of the role of ‘citizens’, or public, and the conception of ‘participation’. Published at a “major inflection point” in the United States, with the Civil Rights Revolution, Vietnam war protests, the devastation of urban renewal, urban riots (Watts Riots and Newark Riots, for instance) and the increasing awareness of global environmental and ecological disasters, it demarcates the shift in the activation of citizens. Outgoing JAPA editor, Professor of Community and Regional Planning, University of Texas, Austin, Sandra Rosenbloom recently notes: “One result of the tumultuous events and major societal changes challenging the country at that time was a greater focus on the role of citizens in determining their own destiny and that of the neighborhoods and communities in which they lived. Citizen participation became both a duty and a rallying cry, but one that Arnstein viewed with great scepticism.”
While, in some countries, terminology has evolved to address exclusivity and divisive categorisation in the shift to from ‘citizen participation’ to ‘public engagement’, the link to contemporaneous challenges is evident in the need for people to determine their own destiny – to have their say – cutting across major changes posed by Black Lives Matter, climate chaos and increasing inequity resulting from population densification and urbanisation – not to mention the coronavirus pandemic that, in forcing a reset, prioritises equity considerations for marginalised and other equity-seeking groups and renewed efforts at fortifying community resilience. With democracy in crisis, public participation, it can be argued, has again become a “rallying cry” as governments scramble to connect to a disconnected public and, in a wake-up call to correct the balance of widespread mistrust, strive towards transparency, increased trust and legitimisation of public decisions.
As democratic societies across the globe increasingly commit to collaborative governance, public participation has thereby emerged as a rich arena. This includes the “deliberative wave” that has gained ground since 2010 that seeks ongoing, continuous and open dialogue and engagement between the public and public decision-makers. The recent focus on democratic innovations as a result of increased digitisation, too, emphasises a concern for the deepening of public participation in decision-making, where inclusive online engagement is one of the ways in which governments can engage communities. For benefits of online public engagement include improved governance, greater social cohesion, informed decision-making, community ownership, better responsiveness and transparency as well as increasing legitimacy of public decision-making.
Grounded in the democratic notion that public decisions should be shaped by people and communities affected by those decisions, public participation models have emerged not only to better map engagement in practice and theory but to ensure that people can shape decisions that affect their everyday lives.
The full list of 60 public participation models compiled (1969-2020)
** If you follow the link to the original post by Sally Hussey you will find a short description of each of the participation models and a link to the original source**
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MODELS 2010-2020
- 1. The Patient Leadership Triangle, David Gilbert, 2020
- 2. Balanced E-Participation Index, 2019
- 3. The Community Engagement Components Practical Model, 2017
- 4. Canadian Union of Skilled Workers (CUSW) Participation Model, CUDW, 2016
- 5. Les Robinson’s Curiosity-Ometer, Les Robinson, 2016
- 6. The Engagement Triangle, Capire Consulting Group, 2015
- 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Spectrum of Public Involvement, 2015
- 8. Parliament’s Public Participation Model, Parliament of the Republic of South Africa, 2015
- 9. The International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) Australasia “Community Engagement Model”, 2014
- 10. Scotland’s Digital Participation Pathway, The Scottish Government, 2014
- 11. Bryer’s Model of Social Media Participation in Urban Infrastructure Projects, Thomas A Bryer, 2012
- 12. Kaizen’s Archetypes of Community Participation, Kaizen Partnership, 2012
- 13. The Yinyang Model, Shier et al, 2012
- 14. Typology of Youth Participation, Wong et al, 2011
- 15. Six Principles of Online Participation, Tim Davies, 2011
- 16. Changing Views on Participation, Pedro Martín, 2010
- 17. Ladder of Online Participation, Bernoof & Li, 2010
- 18. Three-lens Approach to Participation, DFID-CSO, 2010
- 19. Behaviour Grid, BJ Fogg, 2010
- 20. The Participation Tree, Harry Shier, 2010
- 21. Consumer Framework for Digital Participation, Communications Consumer Panel UK, 2010
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MODELS 2000-2009
- 22. Key Dimensions of Participation, Driskell & Neema, 2009
- 23. Matrix of Participation, Tim Davies, 2009
- 24. Pathways through Participation, NCVO & IVR, 2009
- 25. Participation 2.0 Model, State Services Commission, New Zealand, 2007
- 26. Engagement in the Policy Cycle, Diane Warburton, 2007
- 27. Online Participation Behaviour Chain, Fogg & Eckles, 2007
- 28. Lundy’s Model of Child Participation, Laura Lundy, 2007
- 29. Four C’s of Online Participation, Derek Wenmoth, 2006
- 30. Levels, Spaces and Forms of Power, John Gaventa, 2006
- 31. The Clear Participation Model, Lawndes & Pratchett, 2006
- 32. Four L Engagement Model, Tony Karrer, 2006
- 33. Varieties of Participation, Archon Fung, 2006
- 34. The Engagement Streams Framework, National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation, 2005
- 35. Silverman’s Citizen Participation Continuum, Robert Silverman, 2005
- 36. Five Components of Participation, Robin S Smith, 2005
- 37. The United Nations E-Participation Index, 2003
- 38. Ladder of Volunteer Participation, Adam Fletcher, 2003
- 39. Youth Engagement Continuum, FCYO, 2003
- 40. Triangle of Youth Participation, Jans & de Backer, 2002
- 41. Youth Participation in Society, Jans & de Backer, 2002
- 42. Dimensions of Youth Participation, David Driskell, 2002
- 43. Seven Realms of Participation, Francis & Lorenzo, 2002
- 44. Active Participation Framework, OECD, 2001
- 45. Pathways to Participation, Harry Shier, 2001
- 46. Clarity Model of Participation, Clare Lardner, 2001
- 47. Strategic Approach to Participation, UNICEF, 2001
- 48. The International Association for Public Participation, Public Participation Spectrum, IAP2, 2000, 2005, 2007
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MODELS 1990-1999
- 49. Wheel of Participation, Scott Davidson, 1998
- 50. Degrees of Participation, Phil Treseder, 1997
- 51. Rocha’s Ladder of Empowerment, Elizabeth M Rocha, 1997
- 52. Typology of Participation, Sarah C. White, 1996
- 53. Typology of Participation in Development Programs and Projects, Jules Pretty, 1995
- 54. Typology of Participation in Policy Processes and Planning, 1995
- 55. Framework for Participation, David Wilcox, 1994
- 56. Ladder of Participation for Waste Management, Peter M Wiedemann & Susanne Femer, 1993
- 57. Ladder of Children’s Participation/Ladder of Youth Participation, Roger Hart, 1992
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MODELS 1980-1989
- 58. Connor’s Ladder of Participation, Desmond M Connor, 1988
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MODELS 1970-1979
- 59. Socio-economic Participation Model, Norman H. Nie et al, 1972, 1978
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MODELS 1960-1969
- 60. Ladder of Citizen Participation, Sherry Arnstein, 1969
This article has been taken from the RRI Tools webpage.
https://www.rri-tools.eu/en/-/international-public-participation-models-1969-2020-
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